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The purpose of this paper is to focus on: first, what major impacts do organizers perceive special events to create, and how do they measure an event’s success? second, do these perceived impacts align with the major themes of economic benefits, social impacts, and community cohesiveness revealed in the existing literature? and third, why do event organizers perceive these major impacts?

In order to gain a better understanding of the types of community impact event organizers anticipate from, and attempt to solicit through special events, this study makes use of a survey with open-ended questions. Such questions enable a broader discussion between interviewees and interviewers, giving interviewees greater response leeway and generating more material for the researcher’s analysis.

Findings suggest that bringing the community together, producing economic benefits for local businesses, and creating socializing and educational opportunities for visitors are the primary impacts anticipated by interviewed event organizers. In particular, providing a positive experience by getting the community involved proves to be the key element to the success of any special event discussed.

There are a couple of limitations to the study. First, the study presented a relatively small sample. Second, these results may relate to the institutions located along Lake Erie where parks and recreation have long been viewed as an integral part of community life.

This study represents a first attempt to complement the quantitative data in the former research with a qualitative study. Through in-depth interviews, it sets out to create a dialogue from the event organizers along Lake Erie in the USA to help better understand the impacts of special events prepared by Parks and Recreation Departments.

The security of archival privacy data in the cloud has become the main obstacle to the application of cloud computing in archives management. To this end, aiming at XML archives, this paper aims to present a privacy protection approach that can ensure the security of privacy data in the untrusted cloud, without compromising the system availability.

The basic idea of the approach is as follows. First, the privacy data before being submitted to the cloud should be strictly encrypted on a trusted client to ensure the security. Then, to query the encrypted data efficiently, the approach constructs some key feature data for the encrypted data, so that each XML query defined on the privacy data can be executed correctly in the cloud.

Finally, both theoretical analysis and experimental evaluation demonstrate the overall performance of the approach in terms of security, efficiency and accuracy.

This paper presents a valuable study attempting to protect privacy for the management of XML archives in a cloud environment, so it has a positive significance to promote the application of cloud computing in a digital archive system.

This paper proposes a new Heterogeneous Multi‐hop Cellular IP (MCIP) network that integrates multi‐hop communication with Cellular IP. MCIP increases the coverage of the wireless network and improves the network robustness against adverse propagation phenomena by supporting communication in dead zones and areas with poor radio coverage. MCIP includes three components: location management, connection management and route reconfiguration. Location management is responsible for maintaining the location information for Mobile Stations (MSs) in a local domain. Connection management establishes an initial path for data transmission and a route reconfiguration mechanism is proposed to take advantage of various multi‐hop connection alternatives available based on terminal interfaces, network accessibility and topology. Our simulation results show that MCIP performs well in networks of various sizes including scalability, throughput, and packet delay.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the actions of different senses on visitors’ embodied experience in dark tourism “field,” including embodied emotions/cognitions.

This research uses qualitative analysis by applying tourists’ reviews from two main Chinese tourism websites and the software of MAXQDA. It identifies the senses applied in the embodiment process in dark tourism “field” and matches these senses to the specific types of embodied emotions/cognitions.

This research identifies four main senses. The visual sense has the greatest influence on 27 embodied emotions and 7 embodied cognitions. Auditory and temperature sense create particular emotions. This research also points out the phenomenon of “banned behavior.” At last, to achieve accessibility/acceptability, Nanjing Memorial Hall applies two strategies to distance the extreme historical events from visitors: the construction of aesthetic elements and the way it shows historical objects.

It uses both qualitative and quantitative data to identify the classifications and degrees of senses, emotions and cognitions as well as the relations between them. However, there are difficulties in the coding process because of the language differences, which requires a good understanding of the context of the tourism experience.

The research results could be used as a psychological reference and in the design of dark tourism product.

It provides a specific understanding of the way in which visitors interact with dark tourism objects and environment.

This is the first research that explains the dark tourism experience from the perspective of embodiment. It provides conceptual as well as empirical reference for a new research topic.

Increasing competitive pressure from global markets and technological developments has resulted in the continual demand for business improvement philosophies and methodologies in operations management to address this challenge. The Six Sigma approach to business improvement has emerged in both the practitioner and academic literature as having a significant role in this area. There are many documented case studies of organizational applications of Six Sigma, where large‐scale improvements in defect and process measures have been attributed to this approach, mainly in the mass‐manufacturing sector. Moreover, there are claims, less well documented, that Six Sigma can be used as a change management approach at a strategic level and thus it can be applied to other sectors such as service industries. It is contended that there is a paucity of critical reviews of the Six Sigma literature, beyond that of descriptive accounts. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to critically review the literature of Six Sigma in relation to its effect on organizations and those that work in them. A broad theoretical perspective is used to guide the review process. The paper structure is based on the dichotomies within the Six Sigma literature, namely, what is Six Sigma — strategic change or operational methods; is Six Sigma a TQM appendage, or something new; will workers in a Six Sigma environment have more empowerment or be more controlled and is Six Sigma applicable to the service sector or only for that of the manufacturing sector?

This chapter provides a comprehensive review of research and developments relating to the use of Web 2.0 technologies in education. As opposed to early educational uses of the Internet involving publication of static information on web pages, Web 2.0 tools offer a host of opportunities for educators to provide more interactive, collaborative, and creative online learning experiences for students. The chapter starts by defining Web 2.0 tools in terms of their ability to facilitate online creation, editing, and sharing of web content. A typology of Web 2.0 technologies is presented to illustrate the wide variety of tools at teachers’ disposal. Educational uses of Web 2.0 technologies such as wikis, blogs, and microblogging are explored, in order to showcase the variety of designs that can be utilized. Based on a review of the research literature the educational benefits of using Web 2.0 technologies are outlined, including their ability to facilitate communication, collaborative knowledge building, student-centered activity, and vicarious learning. Similarly, issues surrounding the use of Web 2.0 tools are distilled from the literature and discussed, such as the possibility of technical problems, collaboration difficulties, and plagiarism. Two case studies involving the use Web 2.0 tools to support personalized learning and small group collaboration are detailed to exemplify design possibilities in greater detail. Finally, design recommendations for learning and teaching using Web 2.0 are presented, again based on findings from the research literature.

In this research, we examine the effects of immigration status on the Asian‐white wage gap of one STEM profession, chemistry. Asians chemists are classified into four groups based on immigration status: Native born Asian citizens, naturalized Asian citizens, Asian with permanent visas, and Asians with temporary visas.

Data for this study were obtained from the American Chemical Society (ACS) 2010 census of its membership. Only white and Asian men and women were included in our sample. The final sample consisted of 12,705 male chemists and 4,233 women chemists working full‐time in industry.

It was found that the wage gap between Asians and whites increases with the recency of immigration. That is, the wage gap is larger for Asian immigrants with visas. The authors discuss the factors that may explain this wage gap.

It was not possible to distinguish Asians in the sample by nationality.

Social policy cannot effectively address the inequities between Asians and whites without a better understanding of the impact of immigration.

Most recent research on the Asian‐white earning gap examines immigration in the context of place of education. In this paper, the authors go beyond this practice by examining immigration in the context of citizenship status.

The purpose of this paper is to proactively analyse and mitigate the root causes of the product and security risks. The case study approach examines the effectiveness of the fuzzy logic approach for assessing the product and process-related failure modes within global supply chain context.

The case study of a Printed Circuit Board Company in China is used as a platform for conducting the research. Using data triangulation, the data are collected and analyzed through interviews, questionnaires, expert opinions and quantitative modelling for some interesting insights.

Fuzzy logic approach for failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) provides a structured approach for understanding complex behaviour of failure modes and their associated risks for products and processes. Today’s managers should conduct robust risk assessment during the design stage to avoid product safety and security risks such as recalls.

The research is based on the single case study and multiple cases from different industry sectors may provide some additional insights.

The study attempts to mitigate the root causes of product and processes using fuzzy approach to FMEA in supply chain network.